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Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) was
recognized (and the term created) in 1974 by Ann Burgess and Lytle Holmstrom. RTS
refers to a system of responses seen in most victims of sexual assault. Thus, an
understanding of RTS leads to an understanding the recovery process. There are two
components of Rape Trauma Syndrome: |
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There are two
components of Rape Trauma Syndrome: |
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The Acute Phase |
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The Reorganization Phase |
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Acute Phase |
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The acute phase may last from a
few days to several weeks. The victim’s life has been drastically disrupted, and
she/he is experiencing disorientation and shock. A variety of physical and emotional
reactions may occur during this phase. These reactions are all normal and common for
someone who has experienced an acute trauma. In general, there are two types of emotional
reactions: |
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Expressed reaction |
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Controlled reaction |
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 In the expressed reaction,
a victim may show outward signs of fear, anxiety and anger. Expressive behaviors may
include: |
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Crying |
Laughing |
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Screaming |
Joking |
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Tenseness |
Shaking |
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Restlessness |
Pacing |
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In the controlled
reaction, a victim displays little or no outward response. Feelings are hidden or masked.
Victims may appear calm, composed, disaffected or subdued. Controlled behaviors may
include: |
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Numbness |
Depression |
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Feeling dirty |
Vengeful thoughts |
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Guilt |
Difficulty concentrating |
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Shame |
Moodiness |
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Fear |
Restlessness |
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Denial |
Anger |
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Self-blame |
Revenge |
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Physical reactions that
may occur during the acute phase include: |
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Soreness |
Fatigue |
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Bruises |
Eating disturbances |
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Infections |
Sleeping disturbances |
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Head aches |
Easily startled |
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Stomach aches |
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Victims may alternate
between expressed and controlled responses and these responses may surprise or catch the
victim off guard. Emotions may go from one extreme to another. |
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Reorganization
Phase |
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The reorganization phase begins
as the victim starts to resolve and integrate the experience. The duration of this phase
varies and will depend on such factors as the victim’s age, personality style and
available support system. It may last anywhere from a couple of months to years. During
the reorganization phase, victims may undergo: |
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Lifestyle Changes |
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Change of telephone number and/or
residence |
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New job or school |
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New friends |
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Nightmares |
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Phobias |
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Global Fears |
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Men |
Sex |
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Crowds |
Being alone |
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Specific Fears |
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Night driving |
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Specific areas or neighborhoods |
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Things directly associated with the
assault |
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Physical Issues |
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Sexually transmitted diseases |
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Pregnancy |
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Lasting scars or physical damage from
assault |
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Trying to Regain
Control Over Life |
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Return to work |
May want long-term therapy |
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More contact with family |
May want to be in control of choices |
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Self-defense classes |
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 Sexual assault is the ultimate loss of personal
control
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Empower the victim by giving her/him choices, autonomy, support and
respect. |
